Mental Models are a way to understand the world.
There are a lot of models, not all of these need to be mastered. However, awareness of these will let you apply the appropriate model when you encounter a problem.
For example, you are facing problem X. You have been thinking of why it occurs and what can be done to solve it. If you are aware of Y, you can quickly understand the problem and work to resolve it.
The difficult part of this is knowing which model to apply in which situation. As with most things in life, this comes with experience.
Articles
Books
The Great Mental Models: General Thinking Concepts
by Shane Parrish
Buy (Amazon): India | Others
Reviews: Goodreads
This is the first book of a book series he is working on. Only the first book is out as of yet.